What is the simplified expression for A⋅(A+B) in Boolean algebra?
A A⋅B
B A+B
C 0
D A
Using the Absorption Law, A⋅(A+B) simplifies to A.
What is the main advantage of using Karnaugh maps?
A Designing circuits
B Minimizing Boolean expressions
C Storing data
D Generating clock signals
Karnaugh maps visually simplify Boolean expressions by grouping ones in the truth table, reducing the number of logic gates required.
What type of signal does an ADC convert into?
A Analog
B Digital
C Sinusoidal
D Binary only
An Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) converts continuous analog signals into discrete digital signals.
Which of the following is a volatile memory?
A ROM
B EEPROM
C RAM
D Flash Memory
RAM is volatile, meaning it loses stored information when power is turned off.
What is the primary difference between SRAM and DRAM?
A SRAM is faster and uses more power than DRAM
B DRAM is faster and uses less power than SRAM
C Both are non-volatile memories
D DRAM is more expensive than SRAM
SRAM is faster because it does not need refreshing, but it consumes more power and is more expensive than DRAM.
What is the function of a finite state machine (FSM)?
A Perform arithmetic operations
B Store data temporarily
C Model and control sequential logic
D Amplify signals
An FSM is a mathematical model used to design sequential circuits, transitioning between states based on input signals.
Which memory type is used for booting a computer?
A RAM
B ROM
C Cache Memory
D EEPROM
ROM contains firmware or bootloader programs needed to initialize the computer during startup.
What is the binary representation of -5 in 2’s complement for 4 bits?
A 1101
B 1011
C 1111
D 0101
To represent -5 in 2’s complement, take the binary for 5 (0101), invert the bits (1010), and add 1 (1101).
What is the purpose of a digital filter?
A Amplify the signal
B Perform logical operations
C Store data
D Remove unwanted frequency components
A digital filter processes digital signals to remove noise or unwanted frequency components.
What is the advantage of FPGA over traditional ICs?
A Fixed functionality
B Programmable for different applications
C Cheaper than microcontrollers
D Lower power consumption
FPGAs are programmable devices that can be reconfigured for different applications, making them versatile compared to fixed-function ICs.
Which logic gate produces a low output only when all inputs are high?
A NAND
B NOR
C XOR
D XNOR
A NAND gate produces a low (0) output only when all inputs are high (1). In all other cases, the output is high (1).
What is the decimal equivalent of the binary number 101010101010?
A 9
B 10
C 11
D 12
Binary 101010101010 equals (1×2³)+(0×2²)+(1×2¹)+(0×2⁰)=10.
What is the primary purpose of a latch in digital circuits?
A Amplify signals
B Perform arithmetic operations
C Store one bit of data
D Decode binary inputs
A latch is a bistable device that stores one bit of data and can maintain its state indefinitely until triggered to change.
Which combinational circuit converts binary data into a single active output?
A Decoder
B Encoder
C Multiplexer
D Counter
An encoder takes multiple binary inputs and converts them into a single active output based on a priority scheme.
Which Boolean algebra law is represented by A+AB=A?
A Absorption Law
B Distributive Law
C Identity Law
D Idempotent Law
The Absorption Law states that A+AB=A, as AB is already included in A.
What is the function of a ring counter?
A Store data temporarily
B Perform multiplication
C Cycle through a predefined sequence of states
D Amplify clock signals
A ring counter is a sequential circuit where only one flip-flop is set at a time, and the logic circulates through the sequence.
What is the binary representation of the decimal number 8?
A 111
B 1010
C 1000
D 1100
The binary equivalent of decimal 8 is 1000, calculated as 2³.
What is the difference between a latch and a flip-flop?
A Latches operate with a clock signal, flip-flops do not
B Flip-flops operate with a clock signal, latches do not
C Both operate with a clock signal
D Neither use a clock signal
Latches are level-triggered, while flip-flops are edge-triggered and require a clock signal for operation.
What is the purpose of a parity bit in digital communication?
A Perform logical operations
B Detect errors in data transmission
C Convert data formats
D Amplify signals
A parity bit is added to a binary message to ensure that the total number of 1s (or 0s) is even or odd, helping detect transmission errors.
How many input combinations are possible for a 3-input logic gate?
A 4
B 6
C 8
D 10
For a logic gate with n inputs, the number of possible combinations is 2ⁿ. For n=3, 2³=8.
What is a combinational circuit with 2ⁿ outputs and n inputs called?
A Decoder
B Multiplexer
C Counter
D Encoder
A decoder has 2ⁿ outputs and n inputs. It activates one output based on the input binary code.
What is the purpose of a synchronous counter?
A Reduce propagation delay
B Amplify clock signals
C Store multiple bits of data
D Perform logical operations
A synchronous counter updates all its flip-flops simultaneously using a common clock signal, reducing propagation delays.
Which of the following circuits is used to implement multiplexing?
A XOR Gate
B AND Gate
C OR Gate
D Selector Circuit
A multiplexer uses a selector circuit to choose one input from several and direct it to the output.
What is the main purpose of a digital comparator?
A Compare two binary numbers
B Store binary data
C Perform arithmetic operations
D Shift data
A digital comparator compares two binary inputs and provides outputs indicating equality, greater than, or less than.
Which type of flip-flop toggles its state with every clock pulse?
A JK Flip-Flop
B D Flip-Flop
C SR Flip-Flop
D T Flip-Flop
A T flip-flop changes (toggles) its state on every clock pulse if the input T is high.
What is the function of a clock divider circuit?
A Store data
B Reduce the clock frequency
C Perform logical operations
D Amplify clock signals
A clock divider reduces the frequency of a clock signal by dividing it by a predefined factor.
What is the hexadecimal equivalent of binary 101011001010110010101100?
A AC
B BC
C AB
D A8
Group binary digits into 4-bit segments: 1010=A, 1100=C. The hexadecimal equivalent is AC.
Which memory type is used for high-speed access in processors?
A RAM
B ROM
C Cache Memory
D Flash Memory
Cache memory provides high-speed access to frequently used data, improving processor performance.
What is the main difference between ROM and RAM?
A ROM is faster than RAM
B RAM is non-volatile, ROM is volatile
C ROM is non-volatile, RAM is volatile
D Both are non-volatile
ROM retains data without power (non-volatile), while RAM requires power to maintain data (volatile).
What does the term “propagation delay” refer to in digital circuits?
A The time taken to amplify a signal
B The time for a signal to travel through a logic gate
C The time for a counter to reset
D The time for memory access
Propagation delay is the time interval between a change in the input of a logic gate and the corresponding change in its output.
What is the output of a NOT gate if the input is 0?
A 0
B 1
C Undefined
D Depends on the input
A NOT gate inverts its input. If the input is 0, the output will be 1, and vice versa.
What does a 4-to-1 multiplexer do?
A Selects one of four inputs and outputs it
B Decodes a 4-bit binary number
C Stores four bits of data
D Divides a single input into four outputs
A 4-to-1 multiplexer has four input lines and uses two select lines to choose one of the inputs to send to the output.
What is the purpose of a binary counter?
A To compare binary numbers
B To count in binary sequence
C To multiply binary numbers
D To store binary data
A binary counter counts the number of clock pulses in a binary sequence, increasing or decreasing the count value with each pulse.
Which type of memory is used for permanent data storage?
A RAM
B ROM
C Cache Memory
D Flip-Flops
ROM (Read-Only Memory) is used to store data permanently, even when the power is turned off.
What does a T flip-flop do when its T input is high?
A Holds the current state
B Toggles its state
C Sets the state to 0
D Sets the state to 1
A T flip-flop toggles its state (changes from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0) when its T input is high and a clock pulse is applied.
How many output lines does a 3-to-8 decoder have?
A 3
B 6
C 8
D 16
A 3-to-8 decoder has three input lines and 2³ = 8 output lines.
Which Boolean expression represents an XOR gate?
A A+B
B A⋅B
C A⊕B
D A⋅B’
The XOR (exclusive OR) operation is represented as A⊕B, which outputs 1 when the inputs are different.
What is the primary purpose of Karnaugh maps in digital design?
A Simplify Boolean expressions
B Store binary data
C Generate clock signals
D Perform arithmetic operations
Karnaugh maps provide a visual way to simplify Boolean expressions by grouping terms in a truth table.
What is a characteristic of a sequential circuit?
A Outputs depend only on current inputs
B Outputs depend on current inputs and past outputs
C It does not use a clock signal
D It is not affected by propagation delay
Sequential circuits have memory elements that store information about past inputs, making the output dependent on both current and past inputs.
What is the binary addition of 101010101010 and 110111011101?
A 101111011110111
B 100111001110011
C 110111101111011
D 101011010110101
Perform binary addition step by step: 1010+1101=10011. The correct answer is 100111001110011.
Which component is used to design finite state machines (FSMs)?
A Combinational circuits only
B Sequential circuits only
C Both combinational and sequential circuits
D Arithmetic circuits
FSMs combine combinational circuits for logic and sequential circuits for state memory.
Which type of ADC uses a binary search algorithm for conversion?
A Flash ADC
B Successive Approximation ADC
C Dual Slope ADC
D Sigma-Delta ADC
A successive approximation ADC converts an analog signal to digital by using a binary search algorithm.
What does the clock pulse determine in digital circuits?
A Signal strength
B Data storage capacity
C Timing of circuit operations
D Data type
The clock pulse synchronizes circuit components by providing a regular timing signal.
What is the output of a NOR gate if all inputs are 0?
A 0
B 1
C Undefined
D Depends on inputs
A NOR gate outputs 1 only when all inputs are 0.
What is the binary equivalent of decimal 15?
A 111011101110
B 111111111111
C 101110111011
D 110111011101
Decimal 15 equals 2³ + 2² + 2¹ + 2⁰ = 1111 in binary.
What is the main advantage of a synchronous counter over an asynchronous counter?
A Higher speed
B Less complexity
C Lower power consumption
D No need for a clock signal
Synchronous counters update all flip-flops simultaneously, reducing propagation delays and enabling faster operation.
What does the term “setup time” refer to in sequential circuits?
A The time to store data in memory
B The minimum time before the clock edge that data must remain stable
C The time required to amplify a signal
D The time to reset a counter
Setup time ensures that data is valid and stable for proper operation of the sequential circuit.
What is the role of a decoder in digital electronics?
A Convert a single input to multiple outputs
B Amplify binary data
C Convert binary data into a recognizable format
D Perform arithmetic operations
A decoder takes a binary input and converts it into an output that represents the input in a more recognizable format.
Which type of circuit is used to implement a digital clock?
A Arithmetic circuits
B Sequential circuits
C Combinational circuits
D Analog circuits
A digital clock requires sequential circuits to count and display time accurately.
What is the hexadecimal equivalent of binary 111111111111?
A FF
B F0
C 0F
D FE
Group binary digits into 4-bit segments: 1111=F, 1111=F. The hexadecimal equivalent is FF.