What is the purpose of governing in hydraulic turbines?
A Control fluid velocity
B Reduce flow rate
C Increase turbine pressure
D Adjust turbine speed
Governing in turbines involves regulating the water flow to control the turbine’s rotational speed. This ensures consistent power generation, especially when there are variations in water flow or load demand.
How is flow rate typically measured in an open channel?
A Using a flow meter
B By measuring water velocity and cross-sectional area
C Using a pressure gauge
D By measuring water depth
In open channels, flow rate is calculated by multiplying the velocity of the fluid by the cross-sectional area through which it flows. This method is commonly used for rivers, canals, and streams.
What does a velocity diagram in a turbine help to analyze?
A Water temperature
B Fluid density
C Energy conversion
D Fluid pressure
A velocity diagram in a turbine helps analyze how the fluid’s velocity changes as it enters and exits the turbine. It is crucial for understanding how energy is transferred from the fluid to the turbine.
What is the main function of fluid coupling in mechanical systems?
A Transmit power smoothly
B Reduce fluid flow
C Regulate pressure
D Increase torque
Fluid couplings are used to transmit rotational power between shafts smoothly by using fluid dynamics. They help in absorbing shocks and reducing wear and tear on mechanical parts, ensuring smoother operation.
What does “flow distribution” refer to in hydraulic systems?
A The speed at which water moves
B Allocation of water to different branches or sections
C The pressure exerted by water
D The amount of energy converted
Flow distribution refers to the way water flow is allocated across different pipes, channels, or turbines in a hydraulic system. Proper distribution ensures efficient performance and prevents system overloads or underperformance.
What does a hydraulic structure control in water management systems?
A Water temperature
B Water velocity
C Fluid density
D Water storage and flow
Hydraulic structures, like dams, weirs, and locks, are designed to control the flow and storage of water. They help regulate water levels and ensure its safe and efficient distribution in irrigation, power plants, and flood control systems.
What is typically the most important factor in canal hydraulics?
A Flow rate
B Water pressure
C Canal material
D Water temperature
In canal hydraulics, managing the flow rate is essential to ensure that water is distributed effectively for agricultural or other uses. Flow rate is influenced by channel design, water depth, and velocity.
How is the efficiency of hydraulic turbines generally calculated?
A By measuring the speed of the water
B By calculating the temperature rise
C By comparing the input and output energy
D By analyzing the water depth
The efficiency of a hydraulic turbine is calculated by comparing the mechanical energy output to the hydraulic energy input. The higher the proportion of input energy converted into useful work, the higher the efficiency.
What type of turbine is ideal for high-flow, low-head conditions?
A Kaplan turbine
B Turgo turbine
C Pelton wheel
D Francis turbine
The Kaplan turbine is best suited for high-flow, low-head conditions. It has adjustable blades that allow it to efficiently handle varying water flow and is commonly used in large hydropower plants with such conditions.
In a reaction turbine, how is energy from the fluid utilized?
A Only pressure energy is used
B Both pressure and kinetic energy are converted into mechanical energy
C Only kinetic energy is used
D Only temperature energy is used
A reaction turbine uses both the pressure and kinetic energy of the fluid to produce mechanical energy. Water passes through the turbine blades, where its energy is extracted, causing the turbine to rotate.
What is a typical application of a surge tank in hydropower plants?
A Store water for future use
B Increase water flow rate
C Absorb pressure surges from rapid flow changes
D Measure fluid flow
Surge tanks are used in hydropower plants to absorb pressure changes caused by rapid flow variations. They help prevent water hammer and protect the turbine and pipelines from damage during sudden flow fluctuations.
How is energy dissipated in a spillway?
A By increasing water velocity
B By converting potential energy into kinetic energy
C By storing water
D By causing turbulence and reducing flow velocity
In a spillway, water is released over a dam in a controlled manner, and as it falls, the energy is dissipated through turbulence. This reduces the kinetic energy of the water and prevents downstream erosion.
What is the role of governing in a Kaplan turbine?
A Adjust blade angle to optimize performance
B Control water temperature
C Control water pressure
D Increase turbine speed
In a Kaplan turbine, governing involves adjusting the angle of the blades to ensure efficient operation under varying flow conditions. This allows the turbine to operate effectively in low-head, high-flow environments.
What is the primary factor influencing water flow in an open channel?
A Fluid viscosity
B Water density
C Channel slope and roughness
D Flow rate
The flow of water in an open channel is primarily influenced by the slope and roughness of the channel bed. Steeper slopes and smoother surfaces typically result in higher flow velocities.
What is the purpose of a velocity diagram in turbine analysis?
A To visualize changes in fluid velocity through the turbine
B To determine fluid density
C To measure pressure differences
D To calculate turbine efficiency
A velocity diagram helps visualize how fluid velocity changes as it passes through the turbine. It is essential for analyzing energy conversion and optimizing turbine performance by identifying how effectively the turbine extracts energy from the fluid.